Many of my professional engineer peers have limited knowledge of the fine points of chilled water pipe insulation.

After more than 20 years of work in the Legionella field, leading outbreak investigations and resolutions as well as performing building audits, I’ve found the two single most critical variables for controlling Legionella risk are temperature and water age (time-to-tap).

Everybody is washing their hands lately; it is the thing to do. Washing hands is a simple and effective way to prevent the spread of infection.

Buildings are evolving to become smarter. It is no longer acceptable for them to simply exist as structures of metal, masonry and glass. 

A safe domestic hot water system relies upon a good design, including piping layout and selection and placement of equipment.