The NFPA’s 13, 13D and 13R standards spell out when fire sprinkler systems should include freeze protection. Read on to discover sources to determine an area’s minimum temperature and whether freeze protection is warranted.

Developing robust flushing plans for fire protection water supplies is crucial to remove any debris from the piping.

Inspecting water-based fire protection systems on a five-year rotation is deemed a significant value, considering the corrosion, rocks and debris found in such systems.

Proper hydraulic demand calculations are critical in the early stages of a water-based fire protection project.

While many natural disasters — hurricanes, floods and forest fires — do not directly harm a building’s fire protection systems unless the building falls, earthquakes are different. 

Computer-aided design for building systems is transitioning from AutoCAD to building information modeling software. 

The occupancy hazard fire control approach to designing today’s fire sprinkler systems includes single-point densities since the NFPA 13 revision in 2002. 

During the installation of underground piping, open-ended piping is installed in trenches that invariably collect dirt, rocks and miscellaneous equipment from the installing contractors.